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2012-01-20T23:35:00.001-08:00

2012-01-20T22:06:00.001-08:00

os 4 inimigos

- Um homem de conhecimento – disse Don Juan – é aquele que seguiu honestamente as dificuldades da aprendizagem; um homem que sem se precipitar ou hesitar, foi tão longe quanto pôde para desvendar os segredos da sabedoria.

- O que é preciso para se tornar um homem de conhecimento?

- O homem tem que desafiar e vencer seus quatro inimigos naturais. Um homem pode chamar-se um homem de conhecimento somente se for capaz de vencer seus quatro inimigos.

- Mas há algum requisito especial que o homem tenha de atender antes de lutar contra esses inimigos?

- Não. Qualquer pessoa pode tornar-se um homem de conhecimento; muitos poucos o conseguem realmente, mas isto é natural. Os inimigos que um indivíduo encontra no caminho do saber para tornar-se um homem de conhecimento são realmente formidáveis; a maioria dos homens sucumbe a eles…

Quando eu estava me preparando para partir, tornei a lhe perguntar acerca dos inimigos do homem de conhecimento. Argumentei que ia passar algum tempo sem voltar, e que seria uma boa idéia escrever as coisas que ele tivesse a dizer e pensar a respeito enquanto estivesse fora. Hesitou um pouco, mas depois começou a falar.

- Quando um homem começa a aprender, ele nunca sabe muito claramente quais são seus objetivos. Seu propósito é falho; sua intenção, vaga. Espera recompensas que nunca se materializarão, pois não conhece nada das dificuldades da aprendizagem. Devagar ele começa a aprender… a princípio, pouco a pouco, e depois em porções grandes. E logo seus pensamentos entram em choque. O que aprende nunca é o que ele imaginava, de modo que começa a ter medo.

Aprender nunca é o que se espera.

Cada passo da aprendizagem é uma nova tarefa, e o medo que o homem sente começa a crescer impiedosamente, sem ceder. Seu propósito torna-se uma batalha. “E assim ele depara com o primeiro de seus inimigos naturais: o medo! Um inimigo terrível, traiçoeiro, e difícil de vencer. Permanece oculto em todas as voltas do caminho, rondando, à espreita. E se o homem, apavorado com sua presença, foge, seu inimigo terá posto um fim à sua busca.”

- O que acontece com o homem se ele fugir com medo?

- Nada acontece a não ser que ele nunca aprenderá. Nunca se tornará um homem de conhecimento. Talvez se torne um tirano, ou um pobre homem apavorado e inofensivo; de qualquer forma, será um homem vencido. Seu primeiro inimigo terá posto fim a seus desejos.

- E o que pode ele fazer para vencer o medo?

- A resposta é muito simples. Não deve fugir. Deve desafiar o medo, e, a despeito dele, deve dar o passo seguinte na aprendizagem, e o seguinte, e o seguinte. Deve ter medo, plenamente, e no entanto não deve parar. É esta a regra! E o momento chegará em que seu primeiro inimigo recua. O homem começa a sentir seguro de si. Seu propósito torna-se mais forte. Aprender não é mais uma tarefa aterradora. Quando chega esse momento feliz, o homem pode dizer sem hesitar que derrotou seu primeiro inimgo natural.

- Isso acontece de uma vez, Don Juan, ou aos poucos?

- Acontece aos poucos, e no entanto o medo é vencido de repente e depressa.

- Mas o homem não terá medo outra vez, se lhe acontecer alguma coisa nova?

- Não. Uma vez que o homem venceu o medo, fica livre dele o resto da vida, porque, em vez do medo, ele adquiriu clareza... uma clareza de espírito que apaga o medo. Então, o homem já conhece seus desejos; sabe como satisfazê-los. Pode antecipar os novos passos na aprendizagem e uma clareza viva cerca tudo. O homem sente que nada lhe oculta. “E assim ele encontra seu segundo inimigo: a clareza! Essa clareza de espírito, que é tão difícil de obter, elimina o medo, mas também cega. Obriga o homem a nunca duvidar de si. Dá-lhe a segurança de que ele pode fazer o que bem entender, pois ele vê tudo claramente. E ele é corajoso, porque é claro; e não para diante de nada, porque é claro. Mas tudo isso é um engano; é como uma coisa incompleta. Se o homem sucumbir a esse poder de faz de conta, terá sucumbido ao seu segundo inimigo e tateará com a aprendizagem. Vai precipitar-se quando devia ser paciente, ou vai ser paciente quando devia precipitar-se. E taterá com a aprendizagem até ser incapaz de aprender qualquer coisa mais.”

- O que acontece com um homem que é derrotado assim, Don Juan? Ele morre por isso?

- Não, não morre. Seu inimigo acaba de impedi-lo de se tornar um homem de conhecimento; em vez disso, o homem pode tornar-se um guerreiro valente, ou um palhaço. No entanto, a clareza, pela qual ele pagou tão caro, nunca mais se transformará de novo em trevas ou medo. Será claro enquanto viver, mas não aprenderá nem desejará mais nada.

- Mas o que tem de fazer para não ser vencido?

- Tem de fazer o que fez com o medo: tem de desafiar sua clareza e usá-la só para ver, e esperar com paciência e medir com cuidado antes de dar novos passos; deve pensar, acima de tudo, que sua clareza é quase um erro. E virá o momento em que ele compreenderá que sua clareza era só um ponto diante de sua vista. E assim ele terá vencido seu segundo inimigo, e estará numa posição em que nada mais poderá prejudicá-lo. Isso não será um engano. Não será um ponto diante de sua vista. Será o verdadeiro poder. “Ele saberá a essa altura que o poder que vem buscando há tanto tempo é seu, por fim. Pode fazer o que quiser com ele. Vê tudo o que está em volta. Mas também encontra seu terceiro inimigo: o poder! O poder é o mais forte de todos os inimigos. E, naturalmente, a coisa mais fácil é ceder; afinal de contas, o homem é realmente invencível. Ele comanda; começa correndo riscos calculados e termina estabelecendo regras, porque é um senhor. Um homem nesse estágio quase nem nota que seu terceiro inimigo se aproxima. E de repente, sem saber, certamente terá perdido a batalha. Seu inimigo o terá transformado em um homem cruel e caprichoso.”

- E ele perderá o poder?

- Não, ele nunca perderá sua clareza e seu poder.

- Então, o que o distingue de um homem de conhecimento?

- Um homem que é derrotado pelo poder morre sem realmente saber manejá-lo. O poder é apenas uma carga em seu destino. Um homem desses não tem domínio sobre si, e não sabe quando ou como usar o poder.

- A derrota por algum desses inimigos é uma derrota final?

- Claro que é final. Uma vez que esses inimigos dominem o homem, não há nada que ele possa fazer.

- Será possível, por exemplo, que o homem derrotado pelo poder veja seu erro e se emende.

- Não. Uma vez que o homem cede, está liquidado.

- Mas se ele estiver temporariamente cego pelo poder, e depois o recusar?

- Isso significa que a batalha continua. Isso significa que ele ainda está tentando ser um homem de conhecimento. O indivíduo é derrotado quando não tenta mais e se abandona.

- Mas então Don Juan, é possível a um homem entregar-se ao medo durante anos, mas no fim vencê-lo?

- Não, isso não é verdade. Se ele ceder ao medo, nunca o vencerá, porque se desviará do conhecimento e nunca mais tentará. Mas se procurar aprender durante anos no meio de seu medo, acabará dominando-o, porque nunca se entregou realmente a ele.

- E como o homem pode vencer seu terceiro inimgo, Don Juan?

- Também tem de desafiá-lo propositadamente. Tem de vir a compreender que o poderque parece ter adquirido na verdade nunca é seu. Deve controlar-se em todas as ocasiões, tratando com cuidado e lealdade tudo o que aprendeu. Se conseguir ver que a clareza e o poder, sem controle, são piores do que os erros, ele chegará a um ponto em que está tudo controlado. Então, saberá quando e como usar seu poder. E assim terá derrotado seu terceiro inimigo. “O homem estará, então, no fim de sua jornada do saber, e quase sem perceber, encontrará seu último inimigo: a velhice! Este inimigo é o mais cruel de todos, o único que ele não conseguirá derrotar completamente, mas apenas afastar. É o momento em que o homem não tem mais receios, não tem mais impaciências de clareza de espírito… um momento em que todo seu poder está controlado, mas também um momento em que ele sente um desejo irresistível de descansar. Se ele ceder completamente a seu desejo de se deitar e esquecer, se ele se afundar na fadiga, terá perdido a última batalha, e seu inimigo o reduzirá a uma criatura velha e débil. Seu desejo de se retirar dominará toda sua clareza, seu poder e sabedoria.Mas se o homem sacode sua fadiga e vive seu destino completamente, então poderá ser chamado de um homem de conhecimento, nem que seja no breve momento em que ele consegue lutar contra seu último inimigo invencível. Esse momento de clareza, de poder e conhecimento é o suficiente.”

2012-01-13T16:26:00.000-08:00

O Suicídio foi um dos pilares no campo da sociologia. Escrito pelo sociólogo francês Émile Durkheim e publicado em 1897, foi um estudo de caso de um suicídio, publicação única em sua época, que trouxe um exemplo de como uma monografia sociológica deveria ser escrita.

Inúmeros estudos contemporâneos sobre o suicídio focavam em características individuais. Durkheim estudou as conexões entre os indivíduos e a sociedade. Ele acreditava que se pudesse demonstrar o quanto um ato individual é o resultado do meio social que o cerca, teria uma prova da utilidade da sociologia. Neste livro, Durkheim desenvolveu o conceito de anomia. Ele explora as diferentes taxas de suicídio entre protestantes e católicos, explicando que o forte controle social entre os católicos resulta em menores índices de suicídio.

De acordo com Durkheim, os indivíduos têm um certo nível de integração com os seus grupos, o que ele chama de integração social. Níveis anormalmente baixos ou altos de integração social poderiam resultar num aumento das taxas de suicídio:

níveis baixos porque baixa integração social resulta numa sociedade desorganizada, levando os indivíduos a se voltar para o suicídio como uma última alternativa;
níveis altos porque as pessoas preferem destruir a si próprias do que viver sob grande controle da sociedade.

O trabalho de Durkheim influenciou os proponentes da Teoria do Controle, e é frequentemente mencionado como um estudo sociológico clássico.

Taxas de suicídio

Durkheim concluiu que:

taxas de suicídio são maiores entre os solteiros, viúvos e divorciados do que entre os casados;
na maioria das vezes, o indivíduo portador da "idéia do suicídio" quase sempre não sobrevive.
são maiores entre pessoas que não tem filhos;
são maiores entre protestantes do que entre católicos e judeus.

As razões para estas diferenças entre as taxas de suicídio incluem:

mais importante, a interpretação da morte. Devido a pequenas diferenças entre protestantes e católicos — especificamente porque o suicídio é um pecado mortal entre os católicos e protestantes ;, um suicida numa comunidade católica (mesmo esclarecendo os motivos numa nota de suicídio) é visto primariamente como um pecador;
comunidades católicas tendem a ser um pouco mais integradas que as protestantes, com laços familiares mais próximos. Quebéc, no Canadá, é um dramático paradoxo a esta afirmação: a taxa de suicídio per capita entre os oficialmente católicos é alarmante, principalmente entre os jovens, e atribuída é à rápida decadência da prática religiosa comunitária. De forma similar, pessoas casadas e/ou com filhos são menos propensas a cometer suicídio. Elas simplesmente têm mais motivos para viver.

Sem dúvida alguma quando Durkheim, constatou números de fato de suicídio entre católicos e protestantes se baseou nas estatísticas da época,o que hoje foge completamente da realidade e entra no contraditório tanto pelos percentuais, como por novas estatísticas; o que nos faz refletir um pouco acerca do seu conceito.

De acordo com Durkheim, o meio social católico tem níveis de integração sociais normais, enquanto o meio protestante tem níveis baixos. Durkheim então definiu o suicídio como o ato de muitas relações sociais e concluiu que o suicídio pode ser causado por vínculos sociais fracos. Durkheim acreditava que o vínculo social era composto de dois fatores: a integração social (ligação a outros indivíduos dentro da sociedade) e a regulação social (ligação com as normas da sociedade). Ele acreditava também que taxas de suicídio podem aumentar em extremos de ambos os fatores.

Tipos de suicídio

Durkheim diferenciou três tipos de suicídio:

Suicídio egoísta

O egoísmo é um estado onde os laços entre o indivíduo e os outros na sociedade são fracos. Uma vez que o indivíduo está fracamente ligado à sociedade, terminar sua vida terá pouco impacto no resto da sociedade. Em outras palavras, existem poucos laços sociais para impedir que o indivíduo se mate. Esta foi a causa vista por Durkheim entre divorciados. Em outras palavras, o indivíduo se mata para parar de sofrer, como por exemplo o fim de um relacionamento com outro indivíduo.

Suicídio altruísta

O altruísmo é o oposto do egoísmo, onde um indivíduo está extremamente ligado à sociedade, de forma que não tem vida própria. Indivíduos que cometem suicídio baseado no altruísmo morrem porque acreditam que sua morte pode trazer uma espécie de benefício para a sociedade. Em outras palavras, quando um indivíduo está tão fortemente ligado à sociedade (contracultura), ele cometerá suicídio independentemente de sua própria hesitação se as normas da sociedade o levarem a tal.

Durkheim viu isto ocorrer de duas formas diferentes:

onde indivíduos se vêem sem importância ou oprimidos pela sociedade e preferem cometer suicídio. Ele viu isto acontecer em sociedades "primitivas" ou "antigas", mas também em regimentos militares muito tradicionais, como guardas imperiais ou de elite, na sociedade contemporânea;
onde indivíduos vêem o mundo social sem importância e sacrificariam a si próprios por um grande ideal. Durkheim viu isto acontecer em religiões orientais, como o Sati no Hinduísmo. Alguns sociólogos contemporâneos têm usado esta análise para explicar os kamikazes e os homens-bomba.

Suicídio anômico

A anomia é um estado onde existe uma fraca regulação social entre as normas da sociedade e o indivíduo, mais freqüentemente trazidas por mudanças dramáticas nas circunstâncias econômicas e/ou sociais. Este tipo de suicídio acontece quando as normas sociais e leis que governam a sociedade não correspondem com os objetivos de vida do indivíduo. Uma vez que o indivíduo não se identifica com as normas da sociedade, o suicídio passa a ser uma alternativa de escapar. Durkheim viu esta explicação para os suicidas protestantes.

Algumas fontes ainda relacionam o suicídio fatalista a Durkheim, porém em sua obra "O Suicídio", de 1897, ele cita apenas tais três. mas também é quando uma pessoa é abandonada diante da sociedade sem a mínima condição de sobreviver.

2012-01-12T08:27:00.001-08:00

2012-01-12T08:21:00.000-08:00

2011-12-31T17:35:00.003-08:00

The king's voice was choked with anger. "You are a worse pirate than Salladhor Saan."     Theon Greyjoy opened his eyes. His shoulders were on fire and he could not move his hands. For half a heartbeat he feared he was back in his old cell under the Dreadfort, that the jumble of memories inside his head was no more than the residue of some fever dream. I was asleep, he realized. That, or passed out from the pain. When he tried to move, he swung from side to side, his back scraping against stone. He was hanging from a wall inside a tower, his wrists chained to a pair of rusted iron rings.       The air reeked of burning peat. The floor was hard-packed dirt. Wooden steps spiraled up inside the walls to the roof. He saw no windows. The tower was dank, dark, and comfortless, its only furnishings a high-backed chair and a scarred table resting on three trestles. No privy was in evidence, though Theon saw a champerpot in one shadowed alcove. The only light came from the candles on the table. His feet dangled six feet off the floor.     "My brother's debts," the king was muttering. "Joffrey's too, though that baseborn abomination was no kin to me." Theon twisted in his chains. He knew that voice. Stannis.       Theon Greyjoy chortled. A stab of pain went up his arms, from his shoulders to his wrists. All he had done, all he had suffered, Moat Cailin and Barrowton and Winterfell, Abel and his washerwomen, Crowfood and his Umbers, the trek through the snows, all of it had only served to exchange one tormentor for another.       "Your Grace," a second voice said softly. "Pardon, but your ink has frozen."  The Braavosi, Theon knew. What was his name?  Tycho... Tycho something... "Perhaps a bit of heat... ?"
     "I know a quicker way." Stannis drew his dagger. For an instant Theon thought that he meant to stab the banker. You will never get a drop of blood from that one, my lord, he might have told him. The king laid the blade of the knife against the ball of his left thumb, and slashed. "There. I will sign in mine own blood. That ought to make your masters happy."     "If it please Your Grace, it will please the Iron Bank."     Stannis dipped a quill in the blood welling from his thumb and scratched his name across the piece of parchment. "You will depart today. Lord Bolton may be on us soon. I will not have you caught up in the fighting."     "That would be my preference as well." The Braavosi slipped the roll of parchment inside a wooden tube. "I hope to have the honor of calling on Your Grace again when you are seated on your Iron Throne."     "You hope to have your gold, you mean. Save your pleasantries. It is coin I need from Braavos, not empty courtesy. Tell the guard outside I have need of Justin Massey."     "It would be my pleasure. The Iron Bank is always glad to be of service." The banker bowed.     As he left, another entered; a knight. The king's knights had been coming and going all night, Theon recalled dimly. This one seemed to be the king's familiar. Lean, dark-haired, hard-eyed, his face marred by pockmarks and old scars, he wore a faded surcoat embroidered with three moths. "Sire," he announced, "the maester is without. And Lord Arnolf sends word that he would be most pleased to break his fast with you."     "The son as well?"     "And the grandsons. Lord Wull seeks audience as well. He wants — "     "I know what he wants." The king indicated Theon. "Him. Wull wants him dead. Flint, Norrey... all of them will want him dead. For the boys he slew. Vengeance for their precious Ned."     "Will you oblige them?"     "Just now, the turncloak is more use to me alive. He has knowledge we may need. Bring in this maester." The king plucked a parchment off the table and squinted over it.  A letter, Theon knew. Its broken seal was black wax, hard and shiny.  I know what that says, he thought, giggling.Stannis looked up. "The turncloak stirs."     "Theon. My name is Theon." He had to remember his name.     "I know your name. I know what you did."
     "I saved her." The outer wall of Winterfell was eighty feet high, but beneath the spot where he had jumped the snows had piled up to a depth of more than forty.  A cold white pillow. The girl had taken the worst of it.  Jeyne, her name is Jeyne, but she will never tell them. Theon had landed on top of her, and broken some of her ribs. "I saved the girl," he said. "We flew."     Stannis snorted. "You fell. Umber saved her. If Mors Crowfood and his men had not been outside the castle, Bolton would have had the both of you back in moments."     Crowfood. Theon remembered. An old man, huge and powerful, with a ruddy face and a shaggy white beard. He had been seated on a garron, clad in the pelt of a gigantic snow bear, its head his hood. Under it he wore a stained white leather eye patch that reminded Theon of his uncle Euron. He'd wanted to rip it off Umber's face, to make certain that underneath was only an empty socket, not a black eye shining with malice. Instead he had whimpered through his broken teeth and said, "I am — "     " — a turncloak and a kinslayer," Crowfood had finished. "You will hold that lying tongue, or lose it."
     But Umber had looked at the girl closely, squinting down with his one good eye. "You are the younger daughter?"      And Jeyne had nodded. "Arya. My name is Arya."     "Arya of Winterfell, aye. When last I was inside those walls, your cook served us a steak and kidney pie. Made with ale, I think, best I ever tasted. What was his name, that cook?"      "Gage," Jeyne said at once. "He was a good cook. He would make lemoncakes for Sansa whenever we had lemons."     Crowfood had fingered his beard. "Dead now, I suppose. That smith of yours as well. A man who knew his steel. What was his name?"     Jeyne had hesitated.  Mikken, Theon thought.  His name was Mikken. The castle blacksmith had never made any lemoncakes for Sansa, which made him far less important than the castle cook in the sweet little world she had shared with her friend Jeyne Poole.  Remember, damn you. Your father was the steward, he had charge of the whole household. The smith's name was Mikken, Mikken, Mikken. I had him put to death before me!     "Mikken," Jeyne said.       Mors Umber had grunted. "Aye." What he might have said or done next Theon never learned, for that was when the boy ran up, clutching a spear and shouting that the portcullis on Winterfell's main gate was rising.  And how Crowfood had grinned at that.     Theon twisted in his chains, and blinked down at the king. "Crowfood found us, yes, he sent us here to you, but it was me who saved her. Ask her yourself." She would tell him. "You saved me," Jeyne had whispered, as he was carrying her through the snow. She was pale with pain, but she had brushed one hand across his cheek and smiled. "I saved Lady Arya," Theon whispered back at her. And then all at once Mors Umber's spears were all around them. "Is this my thanks?" he asked Stannis, kicking feebly against the wall. His shoulders were in agony. His own weight was tearing them from their sockets. How long had he been hanging here? Was it still night outside? The tower was windowless, he had no way to know.
     "Unchain me, and I will serve you."     "As you served Roose Bolton and Robb Stark?" Stannis snorted. "I think not. We have a warmer end in mind for you, turncloak. But not until we're done with you."     He means to kill me. The thought was queerly comforting. Death did not frighten Theon Greyjoy. Death would mean an end to pain.   "Be done with me, then," he urged the king. "Take off my head off and stick it on a spear. I slew Lord Eddard's sons, I ought to die. But do it quick.  He is coming."     "Who is coming? Bolton?"       "Lord Ramsay," Theon hissed. "The son, not the father. You must not let him take him. Roose... Roose is safe within the walls of Winterfell with his fat new wife.  Ramsay is coming."
     "Ramsay Snow, you mean. The Bastard."     "Never call him that!" Spittle sprayed from Theon's lips. "Ramsay Bolton, not Ramsay Snow, never Snow, never, you have to remember his name, or he will hurt you."     "He is welcome to try. Whatever name he goes by."
     The door opened with a gust of cold black wind and a swirl of snow. The knight of the moths had returned with the maester the king had sent for, his grey robes concealed beneath a heavy bearskin pelt. Behind them came two other knights, each carrying a raven in a cage. One was the man who'd been with Asha when the banker delivered him to her, a burly man with a winged pig on his surcoat. The other was taller, broad-shouldered and brawny. The big man's breastplate was silvered steel inlaid with niello; though scratched and dinted, it still shone in the candlelight. The cloak that he wore over it was fastened with a burning heart.
     "Maester Tybald," announced the knight of the moths.     The maester sank to his knees. He was red-haired and round-shouldered, with close-set eyes that kept flicking toward Theon hanging on the wall. "Your Grace. How may I be of service?"     Stannis did not reply at once. He studied the man before him, his brow furrowed. "Get up." The maester rose. "You are maester at the Dreadfort. How is it you are here with us?"     "Lord Arnolf brought me to tend to his wounded."     "To his wounded? Or his ravens?"       "Both, Your Grace."     "Both." Stannis snapped the word out. "A maester's raven flies to one place, and one place only. Is that correct?"     The maester mopped sweat from his brow with his sleeve. "N-not entirely, Your Grace. Most, yes. Some few can be taught to fly between two castles. Such birds are greatly prized. And once in a very great while, we find a raven who can learn the names of three or four or five castles, and fly to each upon command. Birds as clever as that come along only once in a hundred years."     Stannis gestured at the black birds in the cages. "These two are not so clever, I presume."     "No, Your Grace. Would that it were so."     "Tell me, then. Where are these two trained to fly?"     Maester Tybald did not answer. Theon Greyjoy kicked his feet feebly, and laughed under his breath.  Caught!      "Answer me. If we were to loose these birds, would they return to the Dreadfort?" The king leaned forward. "Or might they fly for Winterfell instead?"     Maester Tybald pissed his robes. Theon could not see the dark stain spreading from where he hung, but the smell of piss was sharp and strong.             "Maester Tybald has lost his tongue," Stannis observed to his knights. "Godry, how many cages did you find?"     "Three, Your Grace," said the big knight in the silvered breastplate. "One was empty."     "Y-your Grace, my order is sworn to serve, we... "     "I know all about your vows. What I want to know is what was in the letter that you sent to Winterfell. Did you perchance tell Lord Bolton where to find us?"     "S-sire." Round-shouldered Tybald drew himself up proudly.       "The rules of my order forbid me to divulge the contents of Lord Arnolf's letters."     "Your vows are stronger than your bladder, it would seem."     "Your Grace must understand — "     "Must I?" The king shrugged. "If you say so. You are a man of learning, after all. I had a maester on Dragonstone who was almost a father to me. I have great respect for your order and its vows. Ser Clayton does not share my feelings, though. He learned all he knows in the wynds of Flea Bottom. Were I to put you in his charge, he might strangle you with your own chain or scoop your eye out with a spoon."     "Only the one, Your Grace," volunteered the balding knight, him of the winged pig. "I'd leave t'other."     "How many eyes does a maester need to read a letter?" asked Stannis. "One should suffice, I'd think. I would not wish to leave you unable to fulfill your duties to your lord. Roose Bolton's men may well be on their way to attack us even now, however, so you must understand if I skimp on certain courtesies. I will ask you once again. What was in the message you sent to Winterfell?"     The maester quivered. "A m-map, Your Grace."     The king leaned back in his chair. "Get him out of here," he commanded. "Leave the ravens." A vein was throbbing in his neck. "Confine this grey wretch to one of the huts until I decide what is to be done with him."     "It will be done," the big knight declared. The maester vanished in another blast of cold and snow. Only the knight of the three moths remained.       Stannis glowered up at Theon where he hung. "You are not the only turncloak here, it would seem. Would that all the lords in the Seven Kingdoms had but a single neck... " He turned to his knight. "Ser Richard, whilst I am breaking fast with Lord Arnolf, you are to disarm his men and take them into custody. Most will be asleep. Do them no harm, unless they resist. It may be they did not know. Question some upon that point... but sweetly. If they had no knowledge of this treachery, they shall have the chance to prove their loyalty." He snapped a hand in dismissal. "Send in Justin Massey."
     Another knight, Theon knew, when Massey entered. This one was fair, with a neatly trimmed blond beard and thick straight hair so pale it seemed more white than gold. His tunic bore the triple spiral, an ancient sigil for an ancient House. "I was told Your Grace had need of me," he said, from one knee.     Stannis nodded. "You will escort the Braavosi banker back to the Wall. Choose six good men and take twelve horses."     "To ride or eat?"     The king was not amused. "I want you gone before midday, ser. Lord Bolton could be on us any moment, and it is imperative that the banker return to Braavos. You shall accompany him across the narrow sea."     "If there is to be a battle, my place is here with you."     "Your place is where I say it is. I have five hundred swords as good as you, or better, but you have a pleasing manner and a glib tongue, and those will be of more use to me at Braavos then here. The Iron Bank has opened its coffers to me. You will collect their coin and hire ships and sellswords. A company of good repute, if you can find one. The Golden Company would be my first choice, if they are not already under contract. Seek for them in the Disputed Lands, if need be. But first hire as many swords as you can find in Braavos, and send them to me by way of Eastwatch. Archers as well, we need more bows."     Ser Justin's hair had fallen down across one eye. He pushed it back and said, "The captains of the free companies will join a lord more readily than a mere knight, Your Grace. I hold neither lands nor title, why should they sell their swords to me?"     "Go to them with both fists full of golden dragons," the king said, in an acid tone. "That should prove persuasive. Twenty thousand men should suffice. Do not return with fewer."     "Sire, might I speak freely?"     "So long as you speak quickly."     "Your Grace should go to Braavos with the banker."     "Is that your counsel? That I should flee?" The king's face darkened. "That was your counsel on the Blackwater as well, as I recall. When the battle turned against us, I let you and Horpe chivvy me back to Dragonstone like a whipped cur."     "The day was lost, Your Grace."     "Aye, that was what you said. 'The day is lost, sire. Fall back now, that you may fight again.' And now you would have me scamper off across the narrow sea... "     "... to raise an army, aye. As Bittersteel did after the Battle of the Redgrass Field, where Daemon Blackfyre fell."     "Do not prate at me of history, ser. Daemon Blackfyre was a rebel and usurper, Bittersteel a bastard. When he fled, he swore he would return to place a son of Daemon's upon the Iron Throne. He never did. Words are wind, and the wind that blows exiles across the narrow sea seldom blows them back. That boy Viserys Targaryen spoke of return as well. He slipped through my fingers at Dragonstone, only to spend his life wheedling after sellswords. 'The Beggar King,' they called him in the Free Cities. Well, I do not beg, nor will I flee again. I am Robert's heir, the rightful king of Westeros. My place is with my men. Yours is in Braavos. Go with the banker, and do as I have bid."     "As you command," Ser Justin said.     "It may be that we shall lose this battle," the king said grimly. "In Braavos you may hear that I am dead. It may even be true. You shall find my sellswords nonetheless."     The knight hesitated. "Your Grace, if you are dead — "     " — you will avenge my death, and seat my daughter on the Iron Throne. Or die in the attempt."     Ser Justin put one hand on his sword hilt. "On my honor as a knight, you have my word."     "Oh, and take the Stark girl with you. Deliver her to Lord Commander Snow on your way to Eastwatch." Stannis tapped the parchment that lay before him. "A true king pays his debts."     Pay it, aye, thought Theon.  Pay it with false coin. Jon Snow would see through the impostesure at once. Lord Stark's sullen bastard had known Jeyne Poole, and he had always been fond of his little half-sister Arya.       "The black brothers will accompany you as far as Castle Black," the king went on. "The ironmen are to remain here, supposedly to fight for us. Another gift from Tycho Nestoris. Just as well, they would only slow you down. Ironmen were made for ships, not horses. Lady Arya should have a female companion as well. Take Alysane Mormont."     Ser Justin pushed back his hair again. "And Lady Asha?"     The king considered that a moment. "No."
     "One day Your Grace will need to take the Iron Islands. That will go much easier with Balon Greyjoy's daughter as a catspaw, with one of your own leal men as her lord husband."     "You?" The king scowled. "The woman is wed, Justin."     "A proxy marriage, never consummated. Easily set aside. The groom is old besides. Like to die soon."
     From a sword through his belly if you have your way, ser worm. Theon knew how these knights thought.     Stannis pressed his lips together. "Serve me well in this matter of the sellswords, and you may have what you desire. Until such time, the woman must needs remain my captive."
     Ser Justin bowed his head. "I understand."     That only seemed to irritate the king. "Your understanding is not required. Only your obedience. Be on your way, ser."     This time, when the knight took his leave, the world beyond the door seemed more white than black.     Stannis Baratheon paced the floor. The tower was a small one, dank and cramped. A few steps brought the king around to Theon. "How many men does Bolton have at Winterfell?"     "Five thousand. Six. More." He gave the king a ghastly grin, all shattered teeth and splinters. "More than you."     "How many of those is he like to send against us?"     "No more than half." That was a guess, admittedly, but it felt right to him. Roose Bolton was not a man to blunder blindly out into the snow, map or no. He would hold his main strength in reserve, keep his best men with him, trust in Winterfell's massive double wall. "The castle was too crowded. Men were at each other's throats, the Manderlys and Freys especially. It's them his lordship's sent after you, the ones that he's well rid of."
     "Wyman Manderly." The king's mouth twisted in contempt. "Lord Too-Fat-to-Sit-a-Horse. Too fat to come to me, yet he comes to Winterfell. Too fat to bend the knee and swear me his sword, yet now he wields that sword for Bolton. I sent my Onion Lord to treat with him, and Lord Too-Fat butchered him and mounted his head and hands on the walls of White Harbor for the Freys to gloat over. And the Freys... has the Red Wedding been forgotten?"     "The north remembers. The Red Wedding, Lady Hornwood's fingers, the sack of Winterfell, Deepwood Motte and Torrhen's Square, they remember all of it."  Bran and Rickon. They were only miller's boys. "Frey and Manderly will never combine their strengths. They will come for you, but separately. Lord Ramsay will not be far behind them. He wants his bride back. He wants his Reek." Theon's laugh was half a titter, half a whimper. "Lord Ramsay is the one Your Grace should fear."     Stannis bristled at that. "I defeated your uncle Victarion and his Iron Fleet off Fair Isle, the first time your father crowned himself. I held Storm's End against the power of the Reach for a year, and took Dragonstone from the Targaryens. I smashed Mance Rayder at the Wall, though he had twenty times my numbers. Tell me, turncloak, what battles has the Bastard of Bolton ever won that I should fear him?"     You must not call him that! A wave of pain washed over Theon Greyjoy. He closed his eyes and grimaced. When he opened them again, he said, "You do not know him."     "No more than he knows me."       "Knows me," cried one of the ravens the maester had left behind. It flapped its big black wings against the bars of its cage.
     "Knows," it cried again.
     Stannis turned. "Stop that noise."     Behind him, the door opened. The Karstarks had arrived.     Bent and twisted, the castellan of Karhold leaned heavily on his cane as he made his way to the table. Lord Arnolf's cloak was fine grey wool, bordered in black sable and clasped with a silver starburst.  A rich garment, Theon thought, on a poor excuse for a man. He had seen that cloak before, he knew, just as he had seen the man who wore it.  At the Dreadfort. I remember. He sat and supped with Lord Ramsay and Whoresbane Umber, the night they brought Reek up from his cell.     The man beside him could only be his son. Fifty, Theon judged, with a round soft face like his father's, if Lord Arnolf went to fat. Behind him walked three younger men.  The grandsons, he surmised. One wore a chainmail byrnie. The rest were dressed for breakfast, not for battle.  Fools.     "Your Grace." Arnolf Karstark bowed his head. "An honor." He looked for a seat. Instead his eyes found Theon. "And who is this?" Recognition came a heartbeat later. Lord Arnolf paled.     His stupid son remained oblivious. "There are no chairs," the oaf observed. One of the ravens screamed inside its cage.     "Only mine." King Stannis sat in it. "It is no Iron Throne, but here and now it suits." A dozen men had filed through the tower door, led by the knight of the moths and the big man in the silvered breastplate. "You are dead men, understand that," the king went on. "Only the manner of your dying remains to be determined. You would be well advised not to waste my time with denials. Confess, and you shall have the same swift end that the Young Wolf gave Lord Rickard. Lie, and you will burn. Choose."     "I choose this." One of the grandsons seized his sword hilt, and made to draw it.
     That proved to be a poor choice. The grandson's blade had not even cleared his scabbard before two of the king's knights were on him. It ended with his forearm flopping in the dirt and blood spurting from his stump, and one of his brothers stumbling for the stairs, clutching a belly wound. He staggered up six steps before he fell, and came crashing back down to the floor.     Neither Arnolf Karstark nor his son had moved.     "Take them away," the king commanded. "The sight of them sours my stomach." Within moments, the five men had been bound and removed. The one who had lost his sword arm had fainted from loss of blood, but his brother with the belly wound screamed loud enough for both of them. "That is how I deal with betrayal, turncloak," Stannis informed Theon.     "My name is Theon."     "As you will. Tell me, Theon, how many men did Mors Umber have with him at Winterfell?"     "None. No men." He grinned at his own wit. "He had boys. I saw them." Aside from a handful of half-crippled serjeants, the warriors that Crowfood had brought down from Last Hearth were hardly old enough to shave. "Their spears and axes were older than the hands that clutched them. It was Whoresbane Umber who had the men, inside the castle. I saw them too. Old men, every one." Theon tittered. "Mors took the green boys and Hother took the greybeards. All the real men went with the Greatjon and died at the Red Wedding. Is that what you wanted to know, Your Grace?"     King Stannis ignored the jibe. "Boys," was all he said, disgusted. "Boys will not hold Lord Bolton long."     "Not long," Theon agreed. "Not long at all."     "Not long," cried the raven from its cage.     The king gave the bird an irritated look. "That Braavosi banker claimed Ser Aenys Frey is dead. Did some boy do that?"     "Twenty green boys, with spades," Theon told him. "The snow fell heavily for days. So heavily that you could not see the castle walls ten yards away, no more than the men up on the battlements could see what was happening beyond those walls. So Crowfood set his boys to digging pits outside the castle gates, then blew his horn to lure Lord Bolton out. Instead he got the Freys. The snow had covered up the pits, so they rode right into them. Aenys broke his neck, I heard, but Ser Hosteen only lost a horse, more's the pity. He will be angry now."     Strangely, Stannis smiled. "Angry foes do not concern me. Anger makes men stupid, and Hosteen Frey was stupid to begin with, if half of what I have heard of him is true. Let him come."     "He will."     "Bolton has blundered," the king declared. "All he had to do was sit inside his castle whilst we starved. Instead he has sent some portion of his strength forth to give us battle. His knights will be horsed, ours must fight afoot. His men will be well nourished, ours go into battle with empty bellies. It makes no matter. Ser Stupid, Lord Too-Fat, the Bastard, let them come. We hold the ground, and that I mean to turn to our advantage."     "The ground?" said Theon. "What ground? Here? This misbegotten tower? This wretched little village? You have no high ground here, no walls to hide beyond, no natural defenses."     "Yet."       "Yet," both ravens screamed in unison. Then one quorked, and the other muttered, "Tree, tree, tree."     The door opened. Beyond, the world was white. The knight of the three moths entered, his legs caked with snow. He stomped his feet to knock it off and said, "Your Grace, the Karstarks are taken. A few of them resisted, and died for it. Most were too confused, and yielded quietly. We have herded them all into the longhall and confined them there."     "Well done."     "They say they did not know. The ones we've questioned."     "They would."     "We might question them more sharply... "     "No. I believe them. Karstark could never have hoped to keep his treachery a secret if he shared his plans with every baseborn manjack in his service. Some drunken spearman would have let it slip one night whilst laying with a whore. They did not need to know. They are Karhold men. When the moment came they would have obeyed their lords, as they had done all their lives."       "As you say, Sire."     "What of your own losses?"     "One of Lord Peasebury's men was killed, and two of mine were wounded. If it please Your Grace, though, the men are growing anxious. There are hundreds of them gathered around the tower, wondering what's happened. Talk of treason is on every lip. No one knows who to trust, or who might be arrested next. The northmen especially — "
     "I need to talk with them. Is Wull still waiting?"     "Him and Artos Flint. Will you see them?"     "Shortly. The kraken first."     "As you command." The knight took his leave.     My sister, Theon thought, my sweet sister. Though he had lost all feeling in his arms, he felt the twisting in his gut, the same as when that bloodless Braavosi banker presented him to Asha as a 'gift.' The memory still rankled. The burly, balding knight who'd been with her had wasted no time shouting for help, so they'd had no more than a few moments before Theon was dragged away to face the king.  That was long enough. He had hated the look on Asha's face when she realized who he was; the shock in her eyes, the pity in her voice, the way her mouth twisted in disgust. Instead of rushing forward to embrace him, she had taken half a step backwards. "Did the Bastard do this to you?" she had asked.       "Don't you call him that." Then the words came spilling out of Theon in a rush. He tried to tell her all of it, about Reek and the Dreadfort and Kyra and the keys, how Lord Ramsay never took anything but skin unless you begged for it. He told her how he'd saved the girl, leaping from the castle wall into the snow. "We flew. Let Abel make a song of that, we flew." Then he had to say who Abel was, and talk about the washerwomen who weren't truly washerwomen. By then Theon knew how strange and incoherent all this sounded, yet somehow the words would not stop. He was cold and sick and tired... and weak, so weak, so very weak.       She has to understand. She is my sister. He never wanted to do any harm to Bran or Rickon. Reek made him kill those boys, not him Reek but the other one. "I am no kinslayer," he insisted. He told her how he bedded down with Ramsay's bitches, warned her that Winterfell was full of ghosts. "The swords were gone. Four, I think, or five. I don't recall. The stone kings are angry." He was shaking by then, trembling like an autumn leaf. "The heart tree knew my name. The old gods.  Theon, I heard them whisper. There was no wind but the leaves were moving.  Theon, they said. My name is Theon." It was good to say the name. The more he said it, the less like he was to forget. "You have to know your name," he'd told his sister. "You... you told me you were Esgred, but that was a lie. Your name is Asha."     "It is," his sister had said, so softly that he was afraid that she might cry. Theon hated that. He hated women weeping. Jeyne Poole had wept all the way from Winterfell to here, wept until her face was purple as a beetroot and the tears had frozen on her cheeks, and all because he told her that she must be Arya, or else the wolves might send them back. "They trained you in a brothel," he reminded her, whispering in her ear so the others would not hear. "Jeyne is the next thing to a whore, you must go on being Arya." He meant no hurt to her. It was for her own good, and his.  She has to remember her name. When the tip of her nose turned black from frostbite, and the one of the riders from the Night's Watch told her she might lose a piece of it, Jeyne had wept over that as well. "No one will care what Arya looks like, so long as she is heir to Winterfell," he assured her. "A hundred men will want to marry her. A thousand."     The memory left Theon writhing in his chains. "Let me down," he pleaded. "Just for a little while, then you can hang me up again." Stannis Baratheon looked up at him, but did not answer. "Tree," a raven cried. "Tree, tree, tree."       Then other bird said, "Theon," clear as day, as Asha came striding through the door.     Qarl the Maid was with her, and Tristifer Botley. Theon had known Botley since they were boys together, back on Pyke.  Why has she brought her pets? Does she mean to cut me free? They would end the same way as the Karstarks, if she tried.       The king was displeased by their presence as well. "Your guards may wait without. If I meant harm to you, two men would not dissuade me."     The ironborn bowed and retreated. Asha took a knee. "Your Grace. Must my brother be chained like that? It seems a poor reward for bringing you the Stark girl."     The king's mouth twitched. "You have a bold tongue, my lady. Not unlike your turncloak brother."     "Thank you, Your Grace."     "It was not a compliment." Stannis gave Theon a long look. "The village lacks a dungeon, and I have more prisoners than I anticipated when we halted here." He waved Asha to her feet. "You may rise."     She stood. "The Braavosi ransomed my seven of my men from Lady Glover. I would glady pay a ransom for my brother."     "There is not enough gold on all your Iron Islands. Your brother's hands are soaked with blood. Farring is urging me to give him to R'hllor."     "Clayton Suggs as well, I do not doubt."     "Him, Corliss Penny, all the rest. Even Ser Richard here, who only loves the Lord of Light when it suits his purposes."       "The red god's choir only knows a single song."     "So long as the song is pleasing in god's ears, let them sing. Lord Bolton's men will be here sooner than we would wish. Only Mors Umber stands between us, and your brother tells me his levies are made up entirely of green boys. Men like to know their god is with them when they go to battle."     "Not all your men worship the same god."     "I am aware of this. I am not the fool my brother was."     "Theon is my mother's last surviving son. When his brothers died, it shattered her. His death will crush what remains of her... but I have not come to beg you for his life."     "Wise. I am sorry for your mother, but I do not spare the lives of turncloaks. This one, especially. He slew two sons of Eddard Stark. Every northman in my service would abandon me if I showed him any clemency. Your brother must die."     "Then do the deed yourself, Your Grace." The chill in Asha's voice made Theon shiver in his chains. "Take him out across the lake to the islet where the weirwood grows, and strike his head off with that sorcerous sword you bear. That is how Eddard Stark would have done it. Theon slew Lord Eddard's sons. Give him to Lord Eddard's gods. The old gods of the north. Give him to the tree."     And suddenly there came a wild thumping, as the maester's ravens hopped and flapped inside their cages, their black feathers flying as they beat against the bars with loud and raucous caws. "The tree," one squawked, "the tree, the tree," whilst the second screamed only, "Theon, Theon, Theon."     Theon Greyjoy smiled.  They know my name, he thought.

2011-12-31T13:42:00.001-08:00

2011-12-25T20:14:00.001-08:00

10 coisas

2011-12-24T08:47:00.000-08:00

nao dar nome aos sentimentos
nao gostar de cebola
ser friorento
sentir cocegas com facilidade
so tomar banho quente
so conseguir dormir de coberta
nao saber cozinhar
prato predileto: macarrão
sempre ter uma resposta pronta
nao gostar de moto

2011-12-17T14:31:00.001-08:00

2011-12-14T12:58:00.001-08:00

2011-12-13T16:28:00.001-08:00

Solimão I, Sua Majestade Grande Sultão Imperial, Comandante dos Fiéis e Sucessor do Profeta do Senhor do Universo (em turco otomano: سليمان, transl. Sulaymān; em turco moderno: Süleyman; quase sempre Kanuni Sultan Süleyman; 6 de novembro de 1494 – 5/6/7 de setembro de 1566), também conhecido como Suleimão I, Salomão I, Sulimão I ou Solimão Paxá, foi o décimo sultão do Império Otomano e o de mais longo reinado, que iniciou em 1520 até sua morte em 1566. Ele é conhecido no Ocidente como Solimão, o Magnífico ^[1] e no Oriente como o legislador (em turco Kanuni; em árabe: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), devido à sua reconstrução completa do sistema jurídico otomano. Solimão tornou-se um monarca proeminente da Europa do século XVI, que preside o ápice do poder do império Otomano, militar, político e econômico. Liderou pessoalmente o exército otomano na conquista das fortalezas cristãs de Belgrado, Rodes e a maioria da Hungria, antes de suas conquistas serem restringidas no Cerco de Viena em 1529. Ele anexou a maioria do Oriente Médio em seu conflito com os persas e grandes porções da África do Norte a oeste até a Argélia. Sob seu governo, a frota otomana dominava os mares do Mediterrâneoao Mar Vermelho e o Golfo Pérsico.^[2]

Biografia

Foi sultão do Império de Otomano e califa do islã de 1520 a 1566, tendo sucedido ao seu pai, osultão Selim I, e reinado durante quarenta e seis anos. Para os Turcos, ficou ainda conhecido porKanuni, o Dador das Leis, devido às suas reformas na justiça e administração; para os países ocidentais foi o Magnífico, por causa do esplendor da sua corte e das suas muitas vitórias militares na Europa. Os cronistas portugueses chamaram-lhe o Grão-Turco.^[3]

Durante seu reinado, o Império Otomano alcançou o seu apogeu, com o exército do sultão a chegar às portas de Viena, e Constantinopla transformada em pólo artístico e cultural. Adepto dohumanismo renascentista, Solimão era considerado pelos seus súditos um sultão justo e íntegro (tanto que é comum chamar-lhe de Salomão II, em comparação com o rei hebreu, Salomão). Amante de poesia e filosofia, e exímio general, o Império Otomano pode, sob o seu governo, ter os seus domínios na Europa dobrados, tornando os turcos um dos impérios mais influentes no continente.

Criou leis inovadoras, algumas escandalizando muitos europeus e árabes, conservadores, como a de promover o funcionário público por mérito, não por berço, embora tudo de acordo com o Alcorão. Além disso, foi durante seu governo que ocorreu a Batalha de Rodes. No final de seu governo, já distante de seu idealismo de quando jovem, rendeu-se aos desejos de sua esposa Roxelana, tendo inclusive assassinado seu braço direito, Ibrahim Paşa, e o próprio filho primogênito, Mustafá. O filho dele com Roxelana, Selim II, assumiu o trono, iniciando o declínio do Império Otomano.

O Império de Otomano conseguiu o seu zênite tornando-se uma potência mundial durante o seu reinado. Embora o império continuasse a se expandir um século depois da sua morte, este período foi seguido por um longo declínio.

Com sete anos de idade foi enviado para estudar ciência, história, literatura, teologia e tácticas militares nas escolas do palácio deConstantinopla. A sua primeira experiência do governo foi ainda com 15 anos de idade como o governador de várias províncias, entre elas Bolu na Anatólia do norte, e a pátria de sua mãe Kafra na Crimeia.

Em 1517 o Império Otomano de Selim I conquistou a região em que se localizava o antigo Israel a Judeia, tendo sido benevolente com osjudeus e recebido milhares de refugiados judaicos que desde 1492 sido perseguidos em Espanha por Fernando II de Espanha. O sultão inclusive ordenou a reconstrução das muralhas de Jerusalém, obra que pode ser apreciada até os dias de hoje.

Depois da morte de seu pai, Solimão começou uma série de conquistas militares. Em sucessivas campanhas, Solimão conquistou Belgrado(1521) e a ilha de Rodes (1522), ocasião em que, após o cerco vitorioso, permitiu que os Cavaleiros Hospitalários se dirigissem para à ilha de Malta).

No dia 29 de Agosto de 1526 Solimão derrotou Luís II da Hungria na Batalha de Mohács, ocupando a maior parte da Hungria antes de cedê-la para o governo de John Zapolya, o príncipe de Transilvânia.

Carlos V, monarca do Sacro Império Romano, com o apoio de seu irmão Ferdinando, Arquiduque da Áustria reconquistou a Hungria, e por mais duas vezes resistiu aos ataques de Solimão apesar do Sultão ter derrotado Viena em 1529 e 1532.

Em 1533 um tratado foi assinado entre Ferdinando, dividindo a Hungria entre o Habsburgos e Zapolya. Com a morte de Zapolya, Ferdinando deixa os territórios húngaros, incitando Solimão a anexar a Hungria, o que resultou em várias lutas e tratados de paz.

Empreendeu três grandes campanhas contra a Pérsia, ganhando o controle do Iraque e a submissão dos Sefávidas, além de uma aliança com os Moguls e sultões do extremo oriente e sudoeste asiático, mas a fronteira oriental tornaria a ser novamente um problema, logo após a morte de Solimão. Foi sob a sua direção que as forças navais turcas se tornaram formidáveis.

Nas duas próximas décadas, os enormes territórios do oeste da África a Argélia e todo o norte de Oriente Médio até a Pérsia foram anexados, e regiões longínquas viraram vassalos de Constantinopla. Esta expansão rápida associou-se com a dominância naval durante um período curto no Mar Mediterrâneo, Golfo Pérsico, Mar Vermelho e o Mar da Arábia. Com a perda deste, durante a estagnação do Império, o Império Otomano ficou sem saída para as colônias no oriente e no pacífico.

Em 1562 conquistou a Transilvânia e em 1565 empreendeu sem sucesso o cerco de Malta que durou de 18 de Maio e até o dia 8 de Setembro.

Apesar da imagem de conquistador, era conhecido como um soberano justo e incorrupto dentro do império, tendo sido um grande patrono de artistas e filósofos. É tido também como um dos maiores poetas Islâmicos e um destacado ourives.

Solimão rompeu com a convenção levantando dois escravos a posições de poder: um, o paxá de Ibrahim (İbrahim Paşa) foi nomeado grão-vizir durante 13 anos. O outro, um ucraniano capturado.

A filha de um sacerdote ortodoxo russo, Aleksandra Lisowska (também conhecido por Roxelana e Khourrem ou Hürrem) foi incluída em seuharém tornando-se na sua esposa favorita, para surpresa de seus súditos e da comunidade internacional. Com Roxelana, Solimão teve uma filha, Mihrimar (Mihrumâh), e os filhos Mehmed (quem morreu jovem), Selim, Bayezid e Cihangir (fisicamente inválido).

Em lutas de poder ao que parece instigadas por Roxelana, Solimão mandou assassinar Ibrahim (preceptor do seu filho primogênito Mustafa) e substituí-lo pelo Paxá Rustem (Rustem Paşa). Depois, ao que parece acreditando que a sua popularidade com o exército ameaçou à sua própria posição, mandou estrangular Mustafa também, deixando o caminho claro para um de filhos (Hürrem) de Khourrem.

Lutas fratricidas também trariam a morte de Selim e Bayezid. Em 1559 os irmãos envolveram-se numa série de batalhas de sucessão, levando o próprio Solimão a encomendar a morte de Bayezid, no dia 25 de Setembro de 1561. Assim foi Selim quem sucedeu a Solimão após a sua morte.

Foi sepultado num mausoléu com sua esposa Aleksandra Lisowska (Khourrem) na Mesquita Süleymaniye. Na ocasião de sua morte, as principais cidades muçulmanas (Meca, Medina, Jerusalém, Cairo, Damasco e Bagdad), muitas províncias balcânicas até a Áustria actual e a maior parte da África Norte pertenciam ao Império Otomano. E quanto ao Califado, que havia decaído e estagnado no século XIII, passou por um breve renascimento cultural e tecnológico, inimaginável para a época. Em 1560, 6 anos antes da morte de Solimão, o Califado Otomano, ou seja; o Império Otomano somado com países islâmicos que aceitavam o Califado e a proteção otomana, cobria quase a metade da superfície da Terra, indo de Dakar até Manila; indo do Zimbábue Antigo até Kazan. Seu governo foi o zênite da civilização muçulmana; e seu fim foi a estagnação. 5 anos após sua morte, o califado perdera o controle do Mediterrâneo e do extremo oriente; Seu governo marcou o ápice, e seu inesperado fim provocou a completa desestabilização do califado otomano.

Tory Lane and Brook Haven Get Ass Fucking Crazy

2011-12-07T15:33:00.001-08:00

2011-12-05T11:12:00.003-08:00

Escritor acorda jogado em sujeira, lixo, drogas e bagunça no que pode

ser definido como quarto. Zonzo, um barulho repetitivo do seu e-mail

consegue leva-lo ao computador. Ele abre sua caixa de entrada e ve uma

mensagem confirmando sua demissão da função de cronista, da area de

vida virtual num jornal online. A justificativa do editor e a de que

não há nenhuma repercussão dos seus temas, que é a obrigação primeira

na visão dele, de todo cronista.

Irritado, mas com alguma grana. Ele elabora um plano para recuperar

seu emprego. Vai escrever semanalmente sobre o submundo do sexo na

internet. Vide o constante foco da midia na questão.

Para tanto, ele decide se aproximar de um antigo amigo seu

que trabalha numa lanhouse em Copacabana. Proximo a rua das putas.

Na lanhouse diverte se com seu amigo. Os dois espionam e

ridicularizam, através do computador no balcão de atendimento, as

atividades na internet dos freqüentadores mais vulgares do local. As prostitutas, tentam fazer que estrangeiros, com os quais tiveram relacionamentos breves quando estavam na cidade, retornem para lhes dar mais dinheiro. E os homossexuais juvenis, ficam horas e horas em

salas de bate papo e sites GLS, tentando arrumar encontros que nunca terão coragem de ir.

Com a loja já fechada. Seu amigo anda com ele pelas ruas e apresenta

ao escritor seu hobby. Que consiste em tirar fotos de prostitutas e

mulheres andando na rua em trajes de academia. Apos tirar as fotos ele

as envia do celular para um forum erotico na internet. E fica rindo

posteriormente, com os comentários sobre as suas fotos. Conforme a convivencia perdura seu amigo revela ter desvios profundos do consenso moral vigente. Não é

pedofilo, mas se exita com relatos televisivos de podofilia, pelo

menos quando se trata de adolescentes. É a favor do estupro se a

mulher for gostosa. Tambem acredita que um homem so pode se considerar

heterossexual ao transar com uma deficiente.

Numa das seções de fotos, o amigo, declara ter recebido seu pagamento.

E leva o escritor a um puteiro em que bebem bastante e acabam saindo

do mesmo com quatro prostitutas para um motel. Na entrada, seu amigo

lhe da um viagra que ele reluta em tomar, mas aceita. Sobem para o

quarto e transam com elas a noite toda. No fim da madrugada, todas as

prostitutas já bastante bêbadas, são convencidas por eles sem nenhum real esforço, a tirarem fotos para o forum.

Numa padaria de manhã. O amigo confessa ter criado num topico uma aposta com outros colaboradores do site, de que conseguiria tirar uma foto intima da mulher do dono do forum.

Pela qual revela na verdade ser apaixonado apesar de nunca a ter conhecido. Porem, não deseja fazer disso um drama e coloca como meta um novo mote de vida, que lhe vem como uma epifania e que informa ao escritor: Insatisfação é infantilidade.

No mercado perto de casa, o escritor, já habituado a este universo, começa a tirar fotos com

o celular da bunda de uma mulher. Desastrado, acaba ativando o flash.

Fazendo a perceber que ele esta tirando fotos suas. Ela se aproxima

e pede para ver as fotos. Encabulado ele mostra. A mulher sorri e pede

para manda-las para o e-mail dela. Ele as envia do proprio celular. Um

pouco mais tarde recebe no mesmo fotos dela nua. Junto de uma mensagem

em que insinua irem a um motel. Ele envia uma resposta aceitando e

inclui sugestão de endereço, o qual ruma em direção.

De sorriso no rosto. Impregnado da luxuria que proporcionou sua experiencia. Descobre alguns dias depois, acessando o forum em casa, que seu amigo conseguiu tirar uma foto da mulher do dono do site. E que por isso, o

dono do forum é outro agora.

Ainda surpreso, percebe por uma pequena janela no canto inferior

direito do monitor, a entrada da sua mulher no MSN. No papo que se

desenrola ele informa sobre a sua demissão e a questiona sobre quando

ira visita-lo. Ela desconversa, respondendo com mil argumentos contra,

que não são devidamente compreendidos pelo escritor. Este, se

impacienta, ocasionando uma briga entre os dois que termina sem

conclusão.

Passam se alguns dias. Via e-mail o escritor é informado por seu amigo

que este foi demitido da loja. No entanto, ele não ficou triste com isso.

Pois esta viajando com a mulher do dono do forum do qual participavam.

Alem disso, conseguiu vender um celular de ultima geração que achou na

loja. O que o deixou com algum dinheiro, por enquanto. Ao final do

texto agradece o tempo que passou com ele. Seu amigo chega ate mesmo a

lhe confessar, ter sido bem melhor sair para a putaria com alguém do

que sozinho. Dizendo já ter tido época dele estar tão fissurado em

sexo que se masturbava na loja no horário do expediente. Alem de

gastar todo o seu salário em puteiros. Chegando a se endividar.

Mais um pulo no tempo. O escritor começa a ler diversos livros de

auto-ajuda, impressionado com o sucesso displicente do amigo.

A partir desse fato rascunha a ideia de um novo livro que teria como personagem

principal um escritor que tem o poder sobrenatural de transformar em

realidade algumas cenas que despretenciosamente insere nos proprios textos. As

vezes tendo consequencias drasticas a pessoas proximas.

Dado momento dentro do processo de elaboração do livro, o editor liga para o escritor pedindo um texto para um especial de domingo do caderno de cultura, que pode ser sobre qualquer coisa, menos sobre a internet.

O escritor concorda com o desgaste do tema e prepara um

cronica especial para o domingo na qual escreve sobre o dia a dia de

mendigos, lugares decadentes ou abandonados, comidas de rua bem

sinistras e o uso continuo de cocaina. Este ultimo, usado apenas como

exemplo. Por fim ele acaba unindo esses elementos na perspectiva de um

real legado das cidades. O espelho dos males.

Posteriormente o escritor descobre que esse seu conto teve uma

repercussão muito ruim e que os poucos leitores a se manifestarem

pediram sua permanencia no limbo.

Inconformado com as criticas, se torna cada vez mais misantropo. Não

sai para procurar tanto seus amigos quanto oportunidades de emprego, e justifica para si, falando sozinho, o porque de sua gradual inação perante a vida.

-Nossos hobbys, o cotidiano, os gostos e as motivações distanciaram se

irreversivelmente. Solidão é autoconhecimento. Amizade e sociedade é tedio. Para todos nos. Vivo

pela certeza que a primavera da vida vai me reencontrar. Quem sabe

numa simples e singular imagem inspiradora. Ele diz para si em voz alta.

Um certo dia, quando o escritor entra no forum para ler os comentários

das fotos do dia em que ele e seu amigo foram a boate. Acessa por curiosidade um link de fotos disponibilizado pelo novo dono do site. Descobre surpreso ao entrar na pagina que algumas são de sua mulher. Um pouco mais nova, nua, andando num quintal de uma casa de campo.

Enquanto isso, uma colaboradora do forum amiga da mulher do escritor,

manda uma foto dele na festa com as prostitutas para a mulher dele.

Os dois se encontram no MSN, tendo uma discussão onde decidem dar um

tempo. Antes de terminarem a conversa porem, ela revela a duras penas

que essas fotos eram usadas para, sem o seu consentimento, agencia-la

como garota de programa.

Finalmente volta a trabalhar. Agora, para uma socialite-artista amiga

da sua ex-mulher que bate a sua porta e lhe propoe ser seu escritor fantasma,

produzindo semanalmente cronicas na pagina online do mesmo jornal que ele

trabalhava, escreve sobre gente e coisas pobres e decadentes, ideias iguais as que vinha

explorando e das quais obtem muitas criticas muito negativas, já que na opinião do

publico os textos vem de uma origem contraditoria. Como uma pessoa rica

pode achar que sabe o que é ser um morador de rua? Por exemplo. No entanto,

o editor decide mante-la, porque ela, com esse tipo de abordagem, esta criando

um publico, hostil é claro, mas ainda sim um publico.

Apesar de bonita e atraída por um lado bem humorado do escritor, que desperta

apos tanto tempo de textos sombrios, não o lhe interessa. Pois a seu ver, fica bajulando o demais.

A noite no mesmo dia já em sua casa, o escritor conversa com sua

ex-mulher via MSN. Ela pede as fotos deles juntos, das quais algumas

são eroticas. A contragosto ele as procura em seu computador e envia

para ela. Eventualmente fazendo comentários melancólicos.

Envia tambem videos a ela. Dentre eles, certas imagens foram captadas

sem que a sua mulher soubesse. Tais como: Ela dormindo, conversando

com amigos, vendo emocionada um filme. E outras, para seleções de

elenco. No qual revela se finalmente sua profissão de atriz. Dos

testes, duas em particular se destacam. Na primeira, acontece uma longa cena de

morte por facada, na qual ela de forma errante, perambula pela casa,

por vezes caindo violentamente sobre moveis diversos. Na segunda, ela apresenta uma perfomance com bastante choro e dança num palco improvisado . No meio da apresentação, no meio de um longo giro o escritor pausa o video, congelando a imagem

dela.

2011-12-03T18:57:00.000-08:00

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.

Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.

There is much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,^[1] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.

Main article: History of nanotechnology

Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation.

The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.^[2]^[3] Fullereneswere discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[4]^[5]

Around the same time, K. Eric Drexler developed and popularized the concept of nanotechnology and founded the field of molecular nanotechnology. In 1979, Drexler encountered Richard Feynman's 1959 talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". The term "nanotechnology", originally coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, was unknowingly appropriated by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the term "grey goo" to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating molecular nanotechnology went out of control. Drexler's vision of nanotechnology is often called "Molecular Nanotechnology" (MNT) or "molecular manufacturing," and Drexler at one point proposed the term "zettatech" which never became popular.

In the early 2000s, the field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy, with prominent debates about both its potential implications, exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology,^[6] as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in the public debate between Eric Drexler and Richard Smalley in 2001 and 2003.^[7] Governments moved to promote and fund research into nanotechnology with programs such as theNational Nanotechnology Initiative.

The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials, such as the Silver Nano platform for using silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle-based transparent sunscreens, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.^[8]^[9]

Fundamental concepts

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10⁻⁹, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.^[10] These new phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent macroscopic device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of microtechnology.^[11]

To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.^[12] Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount an average man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face.^[12]

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.^[13]

Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics, nanophotonics and nanoionics have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

Larger to smaller: a materials perspective

Image of reconstruction on a cleanGold(100) surface, as visualized usingscanning tunneling microscopy. The positions of the individual atoms composing the surface are visible.

Main article: Nanomaterials

A number of physical phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects, for example the “quantum size effect” where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, quantum effects become dominant when the nanometer size range is reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less, the so called quantum realm. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions at nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices with fast ion transport are generally referred to nanoionics. Mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.

Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); insoluble materials become soluble (gold). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.^[14]

Simple to complex: a molecular perspective

Main article: Molecular self-assembly

Modern synthetic chemistry has reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any structure. These methods are used today to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or commercialpolymers. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble these single molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of many molecules arranged in a well defined manner.

These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation through a bottom-up approach. The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces. The Watson–Crick basepairing rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an enzyme being targeted to a single substrate, or the specific folding of the protein itself. Thus, two or more components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole.

Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms. Nevertheless, there are many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in biology, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. The challenge for nanotechnology is whether these principles can be used to engineer new constructs in addition to natural ones.

Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view

Main article: Molecular nanotechnology

Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis. Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.

When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized by Eric Drexler (who at the time was unaware of an earlier usage by Norio Taniguchi) it referred to a future manufacturing technology based on molecular machine systems. The premise was that molecular scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: by the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated, stochastically optimised biological machines can be produced.

It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using biomimetic principles. However, Drexler and other researchers^[15] have proposed that advanced nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by biomimetic means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification.^[16] The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems.

In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno,^[17] is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.

This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003.^[18] Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in research on non-biological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator,^[19] and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.^[20] See nanotube nanomotor for more examples.

An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

Current research

Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.

This DNA tetrahedron^[21] is an artificiallydesigned nanostructure of the type made in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNAdouble helix, and each vertex is a three-arm junction.

This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystalsabove them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.^[22]

Nanomaterials

The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.^[23]

Interface and colloid science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also tonanoionics and nanoelectronics.
Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.
Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine.
Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells
Development of applications incorporating semiconductor nanoparticles to be used in the next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see quantum dots.

Bottom-up approaches

These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.

DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.
Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis (inorganic and organic synthesis) also aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. bis-peptides^[24]).
More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This technique fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography.

Top-down approaches

These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

Many technologies that descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description,^[25] as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics.^[26]
Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.
Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-cursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis inTransmission electron microscopy.
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.

Functional approaches

These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled.

Molecular scale electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device.^[27] For an example see rotaxane.
Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create synthetic molecular motors, such as in a so-called nanocar.

Biomimetic approaches

Bionics or biomimicry seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature, to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. Biomineralization is one example of the systems studied.

Bionanotechnology is the use of biomolecules for applications in nanotechnology, including use of viruses.^[28] Nanocellulose is a potential bulk-scale application.

Speculative

These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implicationsthan the details of how such inventions could actually be created.

Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields and is beyond current capabilities.
Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine,^[29]^[30]^[31] but it may not be easy to do such a thing because of several drawbacks of such devices.^[32] Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded nanobioelectronics concepts.^[33]^[34]
Productive nanosystems are "systems of nanosystems" which will be complex nanosystems that produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of exponential growth, this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution. Mihail Roco, one of the architects of the USA's National Nanotechnology Initiative, has proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to complex nanomachines and ultimately to productive nanosystems.^[35]
Programmable matter seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of information science and materials science.
Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although these are only used rarely and informally.

Tools and techniques

Typical AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. Alaser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface.

There are several important modern developments. The atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types ofscanning probe microscopy, all flowing from the ideas of the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it possible to see structures at the nanoscale.

The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning methodology suggested by Rostislav Lapshin appears to be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic mode.^[36]^[37] However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope.

Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography, X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to nanoscale pattern.

Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beammachining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers. However, all of these techniques preceded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of nanotechnology research.

The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.^[36]^[37] At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable for laboratory experimentation.

In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly. Dual polarisation interferometry is one tool suitable for characterisation of self assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is molecular beam epitaxy or MBE. Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur. Alfred Y. Cho, and Art C. Gossard developed and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s. Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect for which the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field ofspintronics.

However, new therapeutic products, based on responsive nanomaterials, such as the ultradeformable, stress-sensitive Transfersome vesicles, are under development and already approved for human use in some countries.^{[citation needed]}

Applications

One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area of nanoelectronics with MOSFET's being made of small nanowires ~10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire.

Main article: List of nanotechnology applications

As of August 21, 2008, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimates that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week.^[9] The project lists all of the products in a publicly accessible online database. Most applications are limited to the use of "first generation" passive nanomaterials which includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings,^[38] and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to produce gecko tape; silver in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.^[8]

The National Science Foundation (a major distributor for nanotechnology research in the United States) funded researcher David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His findings are published in the monograph Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz. This study concludes that much of what is sold as “nanotechnology” is in fact a recasting of straightforward materials science, which is leading to a “nanotech industry built solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like” which will “end up with a few suppliers selling low margin products in huge volumes." Further applications which require actual manipulation or arrangement of nanoscale components await further research. Though technologies branded with the term 'nano' are sometimes little related to and fall far short of the most ambitious and transformative technological goals of the sort in molecular manufacturing proposals, the term still connotes such ideas. According to Berube, there may be a danger that a "nano bubble" will form, or is forming already, from the use of the term by scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of interest in the transformative possibilities of more ambitious and far-sighted work.^[39]

Nanoproducts

Nanoproducts are considered to be consumer goods that have been enhanced by nanotechnology in some form.

The consumer world is seeing more products being released that have been enhanced with nanotechnology. Experts claim that the most immediate impact of nanotechnology is with everyday consumer products. There are numerous amount of products that have been enhanced with nanotechnology. Tennis balls last longer, golf balls fly straighter, even bowling balls become more endurable and have a harder surface to them. Trousers and socks have been infused with nanotechnology so that they will last longer and keep people cool in the summer. Arcade-size video games of yesteryear have been replaced with games like Madden NFL 2005, Grand Theft Auto, and Halo 2 for the PlayStation, Xbox, and Nintendo Game Cube thanks to nanotechnology.^[40]

Nano-scale manufacturing techniques have revolutionized consumer electronics and are responsible for such products as BlackBerries, flash drives, digital cameras, and MP3 players. Bandages are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.^[40]

Cars are being manufactured with nanomaterials so they may need fewer metals and less fuel to operate in the future.^[41] Video game consoles and personal computers may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology.^[42] Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at home.^[43]

Implications

Main article: Implications of nanotechnology

Because of the far-ranging claims that have been made about potential applications of nanotechnology, a number of serious concerns have been raised about what effects these will have on our society if realized, and what action if any is appropriate to mitigate these risks.

There are possible dangers that arise with the development of nanotechnology. The Center for Responsible Nanotechnology suggests that new developments could result, among other things, in untraceable weapons of mass destruction, networked cameras for use by the government, and weapons developments fast enough to destabilize arms races ("Nanotechnology Basics").

Public deliberations on risk perception in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at UCSB found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy than health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.^[44]

One area of concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials would have on human health and the environment, as suggested by nanotoxicology research. Groups such as the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology have advocated that nanotechnology should bespecially regulated by governments for these reasons. Others counter that overregulation would stifle scientific research and the development of innovations which could greatly benefit mankind.

Other experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, have testified^[45] that successful commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. Berkeley, California is currently the only city in the United States to regulate nanotechnology;^[46] Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2008 considered enacting a similar law,^[47] but ultimately rejected this.^[48]

Health and environmental concerns

Main articles: Health implications of nanotechnology and Environmental implications of nanotechnology

Some of the recently developed nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks only to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative consequences.^[49] Silver nanoparticles, which arebacteriostatic, may then destroy beneficial bacteria which are important for breaking down organic matter in waste treatment plants or farms.^[50]

A study at the University of Rochester found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response.^[51] A study in China indicated that nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice.^[52]^[53]

A two-year study at UCLA's School of Public Health found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".^[54]

A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the “nanotechnology revolution” – could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities. Anthony Seaton of the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on carbon nanotubes said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully."^[55] In the absence of specific nano-regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles from organic food.^[56] A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.^[57]

Regulation

Main article: Regulation of nanotechnology

Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have occurred alongside a growing debate related to the human health and safety risks associated with nanotechnology.^[58] Furthermore, there is significant debate about who is responsible for the regulation of nanotechnology. While some non-nanotechnology specific regulatory agencies currently cover some products and processes (to varying degrees) – by “bolting on” nanotechnology to existing regulations – there are clear gaps in these regimes.^[59] In "Nanotechnology Oversight: An Agenda for the Next Administration,"^[60] former EPA deputy administrator J. Clarence (Terry) Davies lays out a clear regulatory roadmap for the next presidential administration and describes the immediate and longer term steps necessary to deal with the current shortcomings of nanotechnology oversight.

Stakeholders concerned by the lack of a regulatory framework to assess and control risks associated with the release of nanoparticles and nanotubes have drawn parallels with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘mad cow’s disease), thalidomide, genetically modified food,^[61] nuclear energy, reproductive technologies, biotechnology, and asbestosis. Dr. Andrew Maynard, chief science advisor to the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, concludes (among others) that there is insufficient funding for human health and safety research, and as a result there is currently limited understanding of the human health and safety risks associated with nanotechnology.^[62] As a result, some academics have called for stricter application of the precautionary principle, with delayed marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data development requirements in relation to certain forms of nanotechnology.^[63]

The Royal Society report^[6] identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that “manufacturers of products that fall under extended producer responsibility regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure” (p.xiii). Reflecting the challenges for ensuring responsible life cycle regulation, the Institute for Food and Agricultural Standards has proposed standards for nanotechnology research and development should be integrated across consumer, worker and environmental standards. They also propose that NGOs and other citizen groups play a meaningful role in the development of these standards.

The Center for Nanotechnology in Society at UCSB has found that people respond differently to nanotechnologies based upon application - with participants in public deliberations more positive about nanotechnologies for energy than health applications - suggesting that any public calls for nano regulations may differ by technology sector.^[44]

2011-12-02T19:29:00.000-08:00

2011-11-28T05:07:00.003-08:00

2011-11-24T15:49:00.001-08:00

Sigamos então, tu e eu,
Enquanto o poente no céu se estende
Como um paciente anestesiado sobre a mesa;
Sigamos por certas ruas quase ermas,
Através dos sussurrantes refúgios
De noites indormidas em hotéis baratos,
Ao lado de botequins onde a serragem
Às conchas das ostras se entrelaça:
Ruas que se alongam como um tedioso argumento
Cujo insidioso intento
É atrair-te a uma angustiante questão . . .
Oh, não perguntes: "Qual?"
Sigamos a cumprir nossa visita.

No saguão as mulheres vêm e vão
A falar de Miguel Ângelo.

A fulva neblina que roça na vidraça suas espáduas,
A fumaça amarela que na vidraça seu focinho esfrega
E cuja língua resvala nas esquinas do crepúsculo,
Pousou sobre as poças aninhadas na sarjeta,
Deixou cair sobre seu dorso a fuligem das chaminés,
Deslizou furtiva no terraço, um repentino salto alçou,
E ao perceber que era uma tenra noite de outubro,
Enrodilhou-se ao redor da casa e adormeceu.

E na verdade tempo haver á
Para que ao longo das ruas flua a parda fumaça,
Roçando suas espáduas na vidraça;
Tempo haverá, tempo haverá
Para moldar um rosto com que enfrentar
Os rostos que encontrares;
Tempo para matar e criar,
E tempo para todos os trabalhos e os dias em que mãos
Sobre teu prato erguem, mas depois deixam cair uma questão;
Tempo para ti e tempo para mim,
E tempo ainda para uma centena de indecisões,
E uma centena de visões e revisões,
Antes do chá com torradas.

No saguão as mulheres vêm e vão
A falar de Miguel Ângelo.
E na verdade tempo haverá
Para dar rédeas à imaginação. "Ousarei" E . . "Ousarei?"
Tempo para voltar e descer os degraus,
Com uma calva entreaberta em meus cabelos
(Dirão eles: "Como andam ralos seus cabelos!")
- Meu fraque, meu colarinho a empinar-me com firmeza o
queixo,
Minha soberba e modesta gravata, mas que um singelo alfinete
apruma
(Dirão eles: "Mas como estão finos seus braços e pernas! ")
- Ousarei
Perturbar o universo?
Em um minuto apenas há tempo
Para decisões e revisões que um minuto revoga.

Pois já conheci a todos, a todos conheci
- Sei dos crepúsculos, das manhãs, das tardes,
Medi minha vida em colherinhas de café;
Percebo vozes que fenecem com uma agonia de outono
Sob a música de um quarto longínquo.
Como então me atreveria?

E já conheci os olhos, a todos conheci
- Os olhos que te fixam na fórmula de uma frase;
Mas se a fórmulas me confino, gingando sobre um alfinete,
Ou se alfinetado me sinto a colear rente à parede,
Como então começaria eu a cuspir
Todo o bagaço de meus dias e caminhos?
E como iria atrever-me?

E já conheci também os braços, a todos conheci
- Alvos e desnudos braços ou de braceletes anelados
(Mas à luz de uma lâmpada, lânguidos se quedam
Com sua leve penugem castanha!)
Será o perfume de um vestido
Que me faz divagar tanto?
Braços que sobre a mesa repousam, ou num xale se enredam.
E ainda assim me atreveria?
E como o iniciaria?

.......

Diria eu que muito caminhei sob a penumbra das vielas
E vi a fumaça a desprender-se dos cachimbos
De homens solitários em mangas de camisa, à janela
debruçados?

Eu teria sido um par de espedaçadas garras
A esgueirar-me pelo fundo de silentes mares.

.......

E a tarde e o crepúsculo tão .docemente adormecem!
Por longos dedos acariciados,
Entorpecidos . . . exangues . . . ou a fingir-se de enfermos,
Lá no fundo estirados, aqui, ao nosso lado.
Após o chá, os biscoitos, os sorvetes,
Teria eu forças para enervar o instante e induzi-lo à sua crise?
Embora já tenha chorado e jejuado, chorado e rezado,
Embora já tenha visto minha cabeça (a calva mais cavada)
servida numa travessa,
Não sou profeta - mas isso pouco importa;
Percebi quando titubeou minha grandeza,
E vi o eterno Lacaio a reprimir o riso, tendo nas mãos meu
sobretudo.
Enfim, tive medo.

E valeria a pena, afinal,
Após as chávenas, a geléia, o chá,
Entre porcelanas e algumas palavras que disseste,
Teria valido a pena
Cortar o assunto com um sorriso,
Comprimir todo o universo numa bola
E arremessá-la ao vértice de uma suprema indagação,
Dizer: "Sou Lázaro, venho de entre os mortos,
Retorno para tudo vos contar, tudo vos contarei."
- Se alguém, ao colocar sob a cabeça um travesseiro,
Dissesse: "Não é absolutamente isso o que quis dizer
Não é nada disso, em absoluto."

E valeria a pena, afinal,
Teria valido a pena,
Após os poentes, as ruas e os quintais polvilhados de rocio,
Após as novelas, as chávenas de chá, após
O arrastar das saias no assoalho
- Tudo isso, e tanto mais ainda? -
Impossível exprimir exatamente o que penso!
Mas se uma lanterna mágica projetasse
Na tela os nervos em retalhos . . .
Teria valido a pena,
Se alguém, ao colocar um travesseiro ou ao tirar seu xale às
pressas,
E ao voltar em direção à janela, dissesse:
"Não é absolutamente isso,
Não é isso o que quis dizer, em absoluto."

Não! Não sou o Príncipe Hamlet, nem pretendi sê-lo.
Sou um lorde assistente, o que tudo fará
Por ver surgir algum progresso, iniciar uma ou duas cenas,
Aconselhar o príncipe; enfim, um instrumento de fácil
manuseio,
Respeitoso, contente de ser útil,
Político, prudente e meticuloso;
Cheio de máximas e aforismos, mas algo obtuso;
As vezes, de fato, quase ridículo
Quase o Idiota, às vezes.

Envelheci . . . envelheci . . .
Andarei com os fundilhos das calças amarrotados.

Repartirei ao meio meus cabelos? Ousarei comer um
pêssego?
Vestirei brancas calças de flanela, e pelas praias andarei.
Ouvi cantar as sereias, umas para as outras.

Não creio que um dia elas cantem para mim.

Vi-as cavalgando rumo ao largo,
A pentear as brancas crinas das ondas que refluem
Quando o vento um claro-escuro abre nas águas.

Tardamos nas câmaras do mar
Junto às ondinas com sua grinalda de algas rubras e castanhas
Até sermos acordados por vozes humanas. E nos afogarmos.

2011-11-23T08:48:00.001-08:00

[Hook]
Kill people, burn shit, fuck school
I'm fuckin' radical, nigga
Left, right, left, right

[Verse 2]
Fuck cops, I'm a fucking rock star
Rebellion and defiance makes my muthafuckin' cock hard
Fuck pigs, fuck guards all some fucking retards
Fuck school, I'm a fuck up? Fuck Harvard
I ain't got no fucking money (Hey mom)
I ain't got no muthafuckin' daddy, he ain't teach me shit
Child support ain't come that faggot still ain't bought me anything
Fuck the fat lady, it's over when all the kids sing

[Hook]

[Bridge]
Fuck your traditions, fuck your positions
Fuck your religions, fuck your decisions
They're not mine, you gotta let 'em go
We can be ourselves, but you gotta let us know
You gotta let 'em go

2011-11-20T20:28:00.001-08:00

2011-11-20T16:52:00.001-08:00

2011-11-19T05:55:00.001-08:00

2011-11-17T00:36:00.000-08:00

you better RUN

2011-11-15T06:48:00.001-08:00

2011-11-13T12:11:00.001-08:00

2011-11-12T20:56:00.001-08:00

2011-11-06T05:03:00.001-08:00